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CDE17
Akiyoshi Yamada

Russula nigricans (Bull.: Fr.)Fr.

(Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae)
+ Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica Hara

DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: light yellowish brown; smooth or short spiny; cystidia bottle-shaped with straight neck, with 0-2 apical knobs, apical knobs walled, cystidia 18-50 µm long; outermost layer of mantle a net prosenchyma without clamps

MORPHOLOGY (Dissection Microscope):

ECTOMYCORRHIZAL SYSTEM:

Shape and dimensions: monopodial pinnate (Figs. 3,4) or not branched (Figs. 1,2), < 7.0 mm long; tips straight, < 3.0 mm by 0.28 (0.20-0.35) mm

Colour and texture: (Figs. 1-4) light yellowish brown, smooth or short spiny, reflective; mantle transparent in places and obscures host surface in others

 

EMANATING ELEMENTS:

Mycelial Strands: none seen

Hyphae: common, tortuous

 

ANATOMY (Compound Microscope):

MANTLE IN PLAN VIEW: mantle of medium thickness, Hartig net present, specialized cells not seen

Outer Layer: (Figs. 8,9) a net prosenchyma similar to type D of Agerer (1991), matrix materials not seen, cells 10-35 µm by 3.5 (2.0-7.0) µm; hyphae hyaline, smooth, with clear contents; septa common, not clamped; hyphal junctions common, junction angle 60-120°, enlarged junctions common; anastomoses common, contact without clamp or H-shaped without clamp; in some areas, hyphae are close together and have cells that are somewhat interlocking; and in a few areas there is a thin layer of interlocking irregular synenchyma between the outer and inner layers

Inner Layer: a net synenchyma (outer surface of Hartig net), cells 16 (3-25) µm by 3.6 (3.0-12) µm, hyaline, smooth, with clear contents; septa common, not clamped; hyphal junctions common, junction angle 60-120°, enlarged junctions not seen; anastomoses common, contact without clamps; in some areas the entire mantle is a net prosenchyma

MYCELIAL STRANDS IN PLAN VIEW: none seen

EMANATING HYPHAE: common, cells 15-50 µm by 2.2 (1.8-2.5) µm, hyaline, smooth, with clear contents; septa common, not clamped; hyphal junctions rare; anastomoses not seen; some hyphae aggregated

CYSTIDIA: (Figs. 5-7) common, bottle-shaped with straight neck to flask-shaped to capitate, with 0-3 apical knobs, 35 (18-50) µm long, apical width 2.2 (2.0-2.5) µm, medial width 3.5 (2.7-4.3) µm, basal width 4.5 (3.5-6.5) µm, wall thickness approximately 0.1-0.2 µm, hyaline, smooth, with clear contents or less often containing oil-like bodies; septa rare, not clamped; apical knobs walled, but apparently anucleate

 

OTHER FEATURES:

SCLEROTIA AND MICROSCLEROTIA: none seen

CHLAMYDOSPORES: none seen

AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF WHOLE TIPS: weak yellowish green at 360 nm (compound microscope)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

KOH: whole ectomycorrhizae reddish brown, no reaction of mantle.

Melzer's: no reaction of whole tips, mantle, or cystidia.

Sulfovanillin: whole ectomycorrhizae reddish; no reaction of cystidia, mantle, or emanating hyphae.

Toluidine Blue: whole ectomycorrhizae reddish; no reaction of cystidia, mantle, or emanating hyphae.

DNA: ITS1/NL6Bmun: AluI: 557, 298, 191; HinfI: 416, 359, 174, 157; RsaI: 1010

ADDITIONAL CHARACTERS: none observed

 

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:

COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION: collected by Akiyoshi Yamada 3 August 1997 in Sugadaira Montane Research Centre study site, University of Tsukuba, 36 ° 31' 14" N by 138° 21' 03" E.; described by A. Yamada 4 August 1997; identified by A. Yamada by association of ectomycorrhizae and sporocarps and by comparison with the description of Russula nigricans + Pinus densiflora (Yamada and Katsuya 1995); identity confirmed by comparing RFLP data from sporocarps and mycorrhizae; sporocarp identified using Imazeki and Hongo (1989); host plant species was identified using Agerer's (1987-1996) key; RFLP analysis by Quentin Baldwin and Keith Egger; host plant identified using Agerer's (1987-1996) key; photography by Akiyoshi Yamada; accessioned in herbarium as DAVFP 25416

ECOLOGY: a common ectomycorrhiza in a stand of 40-yr-old Pinus densiflora, Betula platyphylla var. japonica, and Quercus mongolica var. grosserrata (codominants) in a temperate forest ecosystem, Asian formation; elevation 1320 m; approximately 50 tips examined; Sporocarps of R. nigricans are very frequent at the study site in summer and autumn; this ectomycorrhizal type was recovered from all four soil cores sampled just under sporocarps of R. nigricans ; mycorrhizal roots were mainly developed in the A layer (mineral soil) of an Andosol

AUTHORS: Yamada, Akiyoshi, Ibaraki Prefectural Government Forestry Technology Center, 4692 Toh, Naka-machi, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken, 311-01, Japan

YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1998

REFERENCES:

Agerer, R. (Editor) 1987-1996. Colour atlas of ectomycorrhizae. Einhorn-Verlag Eduard Dietenberger GmBH Swäbisch Gmünd, Munich.

Agerer, R. 1991. Characterization of ectomycorrhiza. In: Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza. Edited by J.R. Norris, D.J. Read, and A.K. Varma. Academic Press. London. pp. 50-51.

Imazeki, R. and Hongo, T. 1989. Coloured Illustration of Mushrooms of Japan, II. (in Japanese) Hoikusya, Osaka.

Yamada, A. and Katsuya, K. 1995. Mycorrhizal association of isolates from sporocarps and ectomycorrhizas with Pinus densiflora. Mycoscience 36: 315-323.